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C/C++ API Documentation | 2025.2

# Options::Parse( int &, char ** &, const char *, int, const ErrorId &, Error * )

Manipulate `argc` and `argv` to extract command line arguments and associated values.

Virtual? | No |
Class | `Options` |
Arguments | `int &argc` | Number of arguments
| `char ** &argv` | An array of arguments to parse
| `const char *opts` | The list of valid options to extract
| `int flag` | A flag indicating how many arguments are expected to remain when parsing is complete
| `const ErrorId &usage` | An error message containing usage tips
| `Error *e` | The `Error` object to collect any errors encountered
Returns | `void` |

## Notes

You must bypass `argv[0\]` (that is, the name of the calling program) before calling `Options::Parse()`. This is most easily done by decrementing `argc` and incrementing `argv`.

An argument by be of the form -avalue or -avalue. Although an argument of the form -avalue is passed as two entries in `argv`, the `Options::Parse()` method parses it as one logical argument.

As arguments are scanned from the caller’s `argv`, the caller’s `argc` and `argv` are modified to reflect the arguments scanned. Scanning stops when the next argument either:

- does not begin with a `-`, or
- is a `-` only, or
- is not in the array of expected options.

Once scanning has stopped, `argc` and `argv` are returned "as-is"; that is, they are returned as they were when scanning stopped. There is no "shuffling" of arguments.

The `opts` argument is a format string indicating which options are to be scanned, and whether these options are to have associated values supplied by the user. Flags with associated values must be followed by a colon (“:”) or a period (“.”) in the format string. Using a colon allows arguments to be specified in the form -avalue or -avalue; using a period allows only the -avalue form.

If, based on the expectation set in the format string, the actual option string in `argv` does not provide a value where one is expected, an error is generated.

For instance, the `p4` Command Line Client’s -V and -? flags are expected to be supplied without values, but the -p flag is expected to be accompanied with a setting for `P4PORT`. This is the format string used by the `p4` Command Line Client:

`"?c:C:d:GRhH:p:P:l:L:su:v:Vx:z:Z:"`

Characters followed by colons (`c`, `C`, and so on) are command line flags that take values; all characters not followed by colons (`?`, `G`, `R`, `h`, `s`, and `V`) represent command line flags that require no values.

There is a limit of 20 options per command line, as defined in `options.h` by the constant `N_OPTS`.

The `flag` argument should be one of the following values (defined in `options.h`):

Argument | Value | Meaning
--- | --- | ---
`OPT_ONE` | `0x01` | Exactly one argument is expected to remain after parsing
`OPT_TWO` | `0x02` | Exactly two arguments are expected to remain after parsing
`OPT_THREE` | `0x04` | Exactly three arguments are expected to remain after parsing
`OPT_MORE` | `0x08` | More than two arguments (three or more) are to remain after parsing
`OPT_NONE` | `0x10` | Require that zero arguments remain after parsing; if arguments remain after parsing, set an error.
`OPT_MAKEONE` | `0x20` | If no arguments remain after parsing, create one that points to `NULL`.
`OPT_OPT` | `0x11` | `NONE`, or `ONE`.
`OPT_ANY` | `0x1F` | `ONE`, `TWO`, `THREE`, `MORE`, or `NONE`.
`OPT_DEFAULT` | `0x2F` | `ONE`, `TWO`, `THREE`, `MORE`, or `MAKEONE`.
`OPT_SOME` | `0x0F` | `ONE`, `TWO`, `THREE`, or `MORE`.

## See also

`Options::GetValue()` `Options::operator[]()`

## Example

The following code and examples illustrate how `Options::Parse()` works.

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    #include &lt;stdhdrs.h&gt;
    #include &lt;strbuf.h&gt;
    #include &lt;error.h&gt;
    #include &lt;options.h&gt;

    int main( int argc, char **argv )
    {
        // Parse options.
        Error *e = new Error();
        ErrorId usage = { E_FAILED, "Usage: parse optionstring flag args" };

        Options opts;

        // strip out the program name before parsing
        argc--;
        argv;

        // next argument is options to be parsed
        char *ParseOpts = argv[ 0 ];
        argc--;
        argv;

        // next argument is number of arguments remaining after parse
        int flag = strtol( argv[ 0 ], NULL, 0 );
        argc--;
        argv;

        // Echo pre-parse values
        int iargv;
        printf( "Prior to Options::Parse call:\n" );
        printf( "  ParseOpts is %s\n", ParseOpts );
        printf( "  flag is 0x%2.2X\n", flag );
        printf( "  argc is %d\n", argc );
        for ( iargv = 0; iargv &amp;lt; argc; iargv )
        {
            printf( "  argv[ %d ] is %s\n", iargv, argv[ iargv ] );
        }
        printf( "\n" );

        opts.Parse( argc, argv, ParseOpts, flag, usage, e );
        if ( e-&gt;Test() )
        {
            // See example for Error::Fmt()
            StrBuf msg;
            e-&gt;Fmt( &amp;msg );
            printf( "ERROR:\n%s\n", msg.Text() );
        }

        char *iParseOpts = ParseOpts;
        int isubopt;
        StrPtr *s;

        // Print values for options.
        while( *iParseOpts != '\0' )
        {
            if ( *iParseOpts != ':' )
            {
                isubopt = 0;
                while( s = opts.GetValue( *iParseOpts, isubopt ) )
                {
                    printf( "opts.GetValue( %c, %d ) value is %s\n",
                            *iParseOpts, isubopt, s-&gt;Text() );

                    isubopt;
                }
            }

            iParseOpts;
        }

        // Echo post-parse values
        printf( "\n" );
        printf( "After Options::Parse call:\n" );
        printf( "  argc is %d\n", argc );
        for ( iargv = 0; iargv &lt; argc; iargv++ )
        {
            printf( "  argv[ %d ] is %s\n", iargv, argv[ iargv ] );
        }

        return 0;
    }

Invoke `parsedemo` with a format string, a flag (as defined in `options.h`) to specify the number of options expected, and a series of arguments.

For instance, to allow arguments -a, -b and -c, where -a and -b take values, but -c does not take a value, and to use a `flag` of `OPT_NONE` (`0x10`) to require that no options remain unparsed after the call to `Options::Parse()`, invoke `parsedemo` as follows.

    $ parsedemo a:b:c 0x10 -a vala -b valb -c

Arguments of the form `-c one` are passed as two entries in `argv`, but parsed as one logical argument:

Copy

    $ parsedemo ha:b:c:d:e: 0x10 -cone
    Prior to Options::Parse call:
      ParseOpts is ha:b:c:d:e:
      flag is 0x10
      argc is 1
      argv[ 0 ] is -cone

    opts.GetValue( c, 0 ) value is one

    After Options::Parse call:
      argc is 0

    $ parsedemo ha:b:c:d:e: 0x10 -c one
    Prior to Options::Parse call:
      ParseOpts is ha:b:c:d:e:
      flag is 0x10
      argc is 2
      argv[ 0 ] is -c
      argv[ 1 ] is one

    opts.GetValue( c, 0 ) value is one

    After Options::Parse call:
      argc is 0

Use of a period in the options string disallows the `-c one` form for the `c` option:

Copy

    $ parsedemo ha:b:c.d:e: 0x10 -c one
    Prior to Options::Parse call:
      ParseOpts is ha:b:c.d:e:
      flag is 0x10
      argc is 2
      argv[ 0 ] is -c
      argv[ 1 ] is one

    ERROR:
    Usage: parse optionstring flag args
    Unexpected arguments.

    opts.GetValue( c, 0 ) value is

    After Options::Parse call:
      argc is 1
      argv[ 0 ] is one

Arguments not in the format string are permitted or rejected with the use of different flag values; `OPT_NONE` (`0x10`) requires that no arguments remain after the call to `Options::Parse()`, while `OPT_ONE` (`0x01`) requires that one argument remain.

Copy

    $ parsedemo ha:b:c:d:e: 0x10 -c one two
    Prior to Options::Parse call:
      ParseOpts is ha:b:c:d:e:
      flag is 0x10
      argc is 3
      argv[ 0 ] is -c
      argv[ 1 ] is one
      argv[ 2 ] is two

    ERROR:
    Usage: parse optionstring flag args
    Unexpected arguments.

    opts.GetValue( c, 0 ) value is one

    $ parse ha:b:c:d:e: 0x01 -c one two
    Prior to Options::Parse call:
      ParseOpts is ha:b:c:d:e:
      flag is 0x01
      argc is 3
      argv[ 0 ] is -c
      argv[ 1 ] is one
      argv[ 2 ] is two

    opts.GetValue( c, 0 ) value is one

    After Options::Parse call:
      argc is 1
      argv[ 0 ] is two

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